Friday, December 27, 2019

Differences Between Modernism And Postmodernism - 1411 Words

There are a lot of differences between modernism and postmodernism. The first is that modernism began in the late 19th century and lasted until the 20th century, specifically from the year 1890s to 1945. According to Oak (2008), â€Å"†¦ modernism and postmodernism highlights the difference in the approaches towards life.† A good example would be, during the modernist era rational and logical thinking was encouraged as well as being objective and postmodernism does not and is subjective. My chosen major is fashion designing. The purpose of fashion to me is an artistic way of self-expression, it is not only shown through clothing, but a large variety of things like one’s hair, personality and even plastic surgery! It is because, self-expression is more than just what you wear but a way to show your â€Å"personality† through fashion. Jameson (1998, 1) stated, â€Å"The concept of postmodernism is not widely accepted or even understood today.† It is not accepted especially for the fashion industry and there are people who still do not accept fashion as a form of art in the postmodernism era but also during the modernist era, Paul Poiret stated â€Å"Am I a fool when I dream of putting art into my dresses, a fool when I say dressmaking is an art? †¦ It seems to be that we practice the same craft, and that they are my fellow workers.† There are many different styles in fashion from all around the world that carries different meaning to different people or cultures and that is why there are peopleShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Modernism And Postmodernism1576 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the key differences between Modernism and Postmodernism as architectural movements? I was looking at differences and similarity between the Modern and Post-modern Architectures movement in the 20th century’s, and found inspiration in the movements and the way the two movements has made a massive impact in the world of Architecture world Modernism Looking into the modernRead MoreDifferences and Similarities between Postmodernism and Modernism863 Words   |  3 PagesTo fully appreciate the differences and similarities between Postmodernism and Modernism, it is required to understand exactly what they are. Modernism is the term we give to the accumulated creations and activities of designers in the early 20th century, who had the theory that traditional forms of literature, religion, social organization, and most of all, art and architecture, had become outdated in the new social, political, and economic environment of a fully industrialised world. One of theRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1472 Words   |  6 PagesModernism and Postmodernism are both two important eras in design. Postmodernism takes a lot of concepts from the modernism era. Both modernism and post modernism focus on Style, Social analysis, Cultural Context, Philosophy, Politics, Human experience, Machine aesthetics, and the constant transformation of the â€Å"New†. An interesting fact of the Modernism and Postmodernism is the use of the psychology and philosophy themes 1. Subjectivity 2.History 3. Culture and 4. Theoretically divers aestheticsRead MorePostmodernism : What Is Post Modernism?1389 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Post-Modernism? Post modernism is a difficult view point to interpret or describe in a few words, as to provide an insightful description that remains succinct is quite ironic as postmodernism opposes the attempt to ascribe one broad meaning to any â€Å"thing†. Postmodernism has often been referred to as the destruction of the Metanarrative. Thought-out all cultural eras society has usually had a focal point in their cultures. The age of enlightenment used God, modernists used technology, postmodernismRead MorePostmodernism And Its Influence On Modern Society1612 Words   |  7 PagesPostmodernism is a complex term that has tried to be describes by many different theorist in many different ways. Some say that it is so hard to define because it is an idea that emerges across and variety of disciplines. In its most basic form Postmodernism can be describes at â€Å"departure from modernism and is characterized by the self-conscious use of earlier styles and conventions, a mixing of different artistic styles and media, and a general distrust of theories† (Oxford Dictionary, 2010). SoRead MoreModernism vs. Post-Modernism1338 Words   |  6 PagesModernism  sociologically, is a discipline that arose in direct response to the social problems of modernity (Harriss 2000, 325); the term most generally refers to the social conditions, processes, and discourses of 1438-1789 and extending to the 1970s or later (Toulmin 1992, 3–5). Modernity may also refer to tendencies in intellectual culture, particularly the movements intertwined with secularization and post-industrial  life, such as  Marxism,  existentialism, and the formal establishment of  socialRead MorePostmodernism Versace1781 Words   |  7 Pages Postmodernism Versace Introduction The passageway of modernism has introduced innovative components in the development of an individuals personality. The identity character as a social construct is highlighted through the effect that fashion has brought in, experimenting, producing and changing individual identity. The style and appearance of an individual is a portion of the fashions period and usually refers to the possibility of people to utilize fashion industry products. This takesRead MoreEssay on Difference of Modernism and Post Modernism931 Words   |  4 Pages Modernism and Post Modernism Have you ever wondered what the differences are between the modernism and post modernism? It seems like it would be easy to describe what they are by the words and what they are usually associated with. Yet, it’s actually a lot different then your thinking. Modernism is the movement in visual arts, music, literature, and drama, which rejected the old Victorian standards of how art should be made, consumed, and what it should mean. Modernists want the absolute truthRead MoreModernism Versus Postmodernism918 Words   |  4 PagesModernism vs. Postmodernism Post-modernism follows and shares many of the same ideas as modernism. Though, at the same time, they differ in many ways. These distinctions can be seen in the two works of literature, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller and â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† by David Mamet. â€Å"Death of a Salesman† represents the modernist literature. Modernism is a style of literature that came about after World War I in Europe. It emerged in the United States in the late 1920s. ModernismRead MoreEssay on Why Postmodernism Failed to End History1542 Words   |  7 Pages‘Why did postmodernism threaten to end History, and why did fail?’ This question poses two clear questions, why postmodernism threatened the end of history, and why it failed to do so. While few would counter the assumption that it did fail, it can be argued that it massively changed history, and through answering the questions posed, this can also be addressed. In 1986 A. Huyssen claimed that postmodernism possessed ‘the unshaken confidence of being at the edge of

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Meaning Of Freedom - 982 Words

The Meaning of Freedom Freedom has very different meanings to each individual which makes it hard to find a clear precise definition. The meaning of freedom to me is the right to do things as I choose. It is the right to act or speak and make my own choices without restraint. Many people say they would do whatever it takes to achieve to goal of true freedom, but how far will they really go for their rights? Can people have freedom and still be responsible citizens? The definition of freedom might be to some racial equality, equal rights, and gender equality. Just for this one idea, people have gone as far as risking their lives and the lives of everyone around them. Freedom is the choice to live one’s life and to do what one wants, live†¦show more content†¦Freedom does mean to right to do as one pleases, to think, believe, speak, worship, move about, gather. I believe everyone should act as you choose, but only until your choices start to infringe on another person’s freedom. You can be a responsible citizen and still enjoy your freedom. Enjoying our freedom does not mean that we can disregard the rights of others and live the way we feel right. We also have to consider the rights and the feelings of the other people around us when living our freedom. â€Å"We believe in the freedom of people to make their own mistakes. We do not interfere with them and they should not interfere with others† (Roosevelt, 1905). I observe the rules and traditions of the society. Sometimes I’m not free to act as I want, because I know that it can bring harm to people whom I love and respect. We really need to live in the socie ty that is restricted. Can you imagine one where all the people do what they want to? I think that it would turn into chaos. That’s why I stick to the opinion that people should obey the rules of the society they live in and respect the rights of other people. Freedom is not an absolute right, and it too has some constraints. A popular saying goes: â€Å"Your freedom ends where mine begins.† A freedom that poses a threat to the society and the nation we dwell in is not freedom in real sense. One cannot just violate laws, kill people, smuggle drugs or doing anything detrimental to the society and call itShow MoreRelated2. The Search For Meaning And The Idea Of Freedom. . Frankl1357 Words   |  6 Pages2. The Search for Meaning and the Idea of Freedom Frankl supports the idea that humans are ultimately free and is the ultimate achievement for man. Even in the most terrible circumstances, a person still has the freedom to choose how they see their outcome and what kind of meaning they are going to take away from the situation. Frankl believes that there is a kind of freedom that can never be stolen from a person no matter how ruthless the situation. Frankl wrestled with the questions of whereRead More From Individualism to Unionism: The Changing Meaning of Freedom in America3158 Words   |  13 PagesFrom Individualism to Unionism: The Changing Meaning of Freedom in America In 1893, when Frederick Jackson Turner delivered his speech on the significance of frontier at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, he was addressing an audience that had witnessed the drastic changes that swept through the country over the past sixty or so years. The United States had gone from the agrarian nation of Jefferson’s vision—one with a relatively balanced division of wealth, a population of homogenousRead MoreHarriet Jacobs s Story : The True Meaning Of A Slave s Quest For Freedom1682 Words   |  7 Pagessociety could come close to comprehending the amount of heartache, torment, anguish, and complete misery women had to suffer and endure during slavery. However, we can all learn from Jacobs’s heartbreaking story to understand the true meaning of a slave’s quest for freedom and the inalienable bond a mother has for her children. Life was tough and very cruel for Harriet Jacobs and other female slaves. Slave women, especially young girls, found that their bodies were the property of their slaveholderRead MoreDefining Freedom in Eric Foners The Story of American Freedom1185 Words   |  5 Pages In Eric Foner’s book, The Story of American Freedom, he writes a historical monograph about how liberty came to be. In the book, his argument does not focus on one fixed definition of freedom like others are tempted to do. Unlike others, Foner describes liberty as an ever changing entity; its definition is fluid and does not change in a linear progress. While others portray liberty as a pre-determined concept and gradually getting better, Foner argues the very history of liberty is constantly reshapingRead MoreFreedom : A Society Of Freedom1109 Words   |  5 PagesTo be born into a society of freedom is a privilege that is often overlooked. Freedom is a manmade concept that was inevitably created by many separate entities, and its meaning can be a little ambiguous. In the United States, people consider their country to be the best in the world partially because of the lawful freedom. Freedom can be defined in many complex connotations other than its literal meaning. Freedom’s literal meaning or denotation is â€Å"The power or right to act, speak, or think asRead MoreThe Ethics of Ambiguity Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesAmbiguity can be defined as a lack of precise meaning or interpretation, so how can we describe human existence as â€Å"ambiguous†? Surely, there must be some essence, or characteristic thing, that we can use to solidify the meaning of our existence. However, it becomes difficult to pin down exactly what every human existence has in common. Dreams of fame and fortune motivate and consume the lives of some people, others dedicate their lives to help people less fortunate, and still there are those thatRead MoreAbsurdity Vs Ambiguity By Simone De Beauvoir1205 Words   |  5 PagesEvan Morris Edwin McCann The Meaning of Life 27 April 2016 Absurdity v Ambiguity Simone de Beauvoir’s argument in part three section five, titled â€Å"Ambiguity† rejects Albert Camus’s nihilism and makes a clear distinction between the concepts of absurdity and ambiguity. De Beauvoir states that ambiguity cannot be confused with absurdity, and that declaring existence absurd is the same as saying that existence can never have meaning. If existence is absurd, the rationalization of the real world leavesRead MoreJoseph Frankl s Man s Search For Meaning1679 Words   |  7 PagesSearch for Meaning. Frankl describes his life in captivity during the holocaust and how he overcame grotesque and egregious circumstances by surviving through spiritual composure. Frankl’s theory logotherapy, is the certitude that humans are compelled to seek meaning in one’s life over the drive for pleasure. His theory has contributed greatly to the study of leadership and influenced the lives of individuals by aiding them in the search for meaning and pu rpose. Last of The Human Freedoms FranklRead MoreEssay on Existential Philosphy1710 Words   |  7 PagesNihilism originated somewhere around the mid-1800s, it was a shift from the social philosophy around that time which viewed life with purpose and meaning which was found usually though God, or some religious doctrine, however Nihilism is the philosophy that dictates the meaninglessness in life; it leaves an empty and void existence. Nihilism is usually associated with German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche is often although not a Nihilist himself Nietzsche wrote a considerable amount concerning NihilismRead MoreNeologism In The Handmaids Tale731 Words   |  3 Pagesstorys characters and it’s deeper meaning. Neologisms (being words that have a different meaning than their current uses) show how certain characters or terms are viewed in Gilead’s society. Salvagings refer to the executions that take action against those that do not abide by the Gilead Republics laws such as the doctors who practiced abortions before the war. Another neologism is the view of freedom. Offred and the other Handmaids are not given any freedom. Similar to a regiment, the women are

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Case Study Project Management Methodologies

Question: Case Study: Project management methodologies. Answer: Abstract This paper takes a close analysis about the effectiveness of a project, the efficiency of a project manager, methodologies and technical support needed for a project success. However, alot of tasks are required to be perfomed for project monitoring, activity networks construction, project cost analysis and plan generation. Accordingly, developing experimental Introduction Project management is mainly divided into various categories or domains that contribute to the projects life cycle. Some stages, which cover some or other processes in the business finance services. For example, the use of PMBOK guide which is used as the most popular project management standards, and is developed by the Institute of Project Management (PMI). In this project we analyse the 5 basic stages of a business finance services project, called groups processes:(Charvat, 2003) they include; initiation, planning, implementation, monitoring, control and closure. The same is used in business financial projects. The life cycle of a business finance project is be defined as the period of time since the first project idea until the complete elimination of the business finance project time. Like any type of project during its lifetime, the business project goes through various phases and stages that must be managed. A broad division of the life cycle of the project, classified in the following phases: In these phases very different essential job tasks are presented. The establishment of these project areas in large groups of tasks that must be managed, the following names could be used:(Charvat, 2003) Project Initiation Project initiation is the basic conception and start-up of a project. In business finance service, the conception stage is the project commencement ,followed by planning, implementing, monitoring, control and closure. Phases of life cycle management of business finance services Project initiation, in the broadest sense, means combining the factors location, project idea and capital with the ultimate goal of creating sustainable business finance services projects economically competitive, generators and consolidators employment and social compatible and environmentally, which they can take advantage of durable and cost effective manner.(Cleland and Ireland, 2008) Determining factors in the business finance services project Some of the procedures to evaluate these determinants are: Market analysis and location Investment analysis, risk and sensitivity Development of ideas and alternatives and exploitation Development of financial alternatives Legal analysis for the project Management and project control There are many definitions of project management. For example in business finance services, defines it as "the set of all tasks, organization, techniques and directing means, for the full realization of a project". If we have that under the "direct" understand the control and management of activities in a necessary organization for the purpose of greater hierarchical importance, it is manifest that in the business finance project, its management includes tasks client / promoter.(Cleland and Ireland, 2008) So that from the Project management, client functions / promoter assume, these have to be delegated. Customer tasks can be classified, not delegated tasks (eg .: definition of the project objective, closing contracts for the realization of these objectives, supreme control and facilitation of temporary and quantitatively appropriate means) delegable Delegable, but under no circumstances, any of the agents already involved in monitoring and control tasks in the project, since this can lead to conflicts of interest. By extension, and face some tasks more easily, a small portion of non-delegable tasks, are also designated as belonging to the project managemen(Cleland and Ireland, 2008)t. For the part of delegated tasks, control project addresses client features that are neutral and independent perception, in the technical, economic and legal sense of a construction project. an overview of how they could be assumed tasks shown, as may be delegated or not delegated, for the direction, management or control of the project. In short, in terms of the tasks that are specific client / promoter, we could differentiate between: Project management, consisting of Project Management and Project Control Control of the project, which is an advisory service without authority decision, which is part of the template in the structure of the organization. Project management, comprising part of the functions of client / promoter with decision-making powers and imposition. So, you integrating the direction and control in the organizational structure thereof, would fall within the Project Management (Project Management), as shown in the business finance services project. integration-address-and-control-project-in-the-organization-promoter Facility Management and Building Management Best level practice in business finance services project Business finance services is, together with workers, capital and technology, one of the most important strategic resource for maintaining and increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. To achieve optimal evolution of values, they have established methods and management procedures, which are included in a concept internationally assumed: Facility Management. According to European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and the British Standards (BSI), Facility Management is "the integration of processes within an organization to maintain and develop the agreed services that enhance and maintain the effectiveness of its primary activities" On the other hand, the Society for Facility Management describes Facility Management as "a set of business processes that are aimed at improving the flexibility of utilization, labor productivity and return on capital through the integration of planning, control and operation of buildings, facilities and equipment.(Gould and Joyce, 2000) Life Cycle Continous Improvement Diagram As for this project the it will require a continuous improvement diadram that will help achieve its desired effect. DIAGRAM 1 IMPROVE PLAN EVALUATE IMPLEMENT DIAGRAM 2 Exploratory .investigating of new opportunities within the project Explore technological readiness Evaluate pre concept match with users Concept Stakeholders needs identification Evaluation of alternative project concepts Development Develop desired plan Production Perform system impact test Utilization Operate system to utilize users needs Support Provide sustained project capability With these definitions clarify the often misinterpreted difference Management building as Facility Management not only includes the step of use or use, but must be integrated from the planning phase. This is clear why Facility Management is used sometimes as a concept of utmost importance for all activities within the life cycle of the property. Key tasks of the Facility Management The aim of the Facility Management must be both relationships to achieve optimal value-added processes, to contribute, through reducing costs and building operation, increase the value of the company. Management building and operational management during the construction of the project or use of the building forms the main part of the Facility Management. It can be defined as "the set of all services for the management and administration of buildings on the basis of global strategies, including financial and technical elements and commercial and infrastructure services. The successful operation of the building depends crucially on the quality of the relevant information of the building, which, to a certain time of commissioning, is collected in a structured way. For this reason, the Facility Management must be established to advise on the Project Management and in the early stages of planning. That is precisely the main task of the figure of the Facility Manager technical advice around the building, as defined decisive information for the designer in later stages. Enterprise project management methodologies The definition phase is fundamentally a planning phase. Every project must be some proportionality between the effort of planning and implementation effort. So bad is trying to get a perfect plan that considers every detail, as a project without a plan. Must "plan the work and then work according to plan." Many projects fail because it begins to run from poor planning, which often results in numerous changes, cost overruns and delays. Smart planning is one of the keys to successful project management. The business plan is the main deliverable of this phase. The business plan is a description of the reasons why the project is undertaken together with justification thereof, based on cost estimates, durations, risks and expected benefits. The business plan must answer for both questions: what goals are to be achieved, because it is important to reach them, and how and when they met. The business plan consists of:(Gould and Joyce, 2000). Estimate of cost, time and schedule, and risks. This information is taken from the project plan Quality management plan The performing organization should identify the minimum organizational level must have the sponsor to act as such (functional responsible, responsible for programs, etc.), authority for decision making level, and the body they must report. In addition to the authority to start the project by providing it with funds and resources and the appointment of project manager, the minutes of the project must contain the high-level objectives of the project: cost, duration, expected quality, scope description at a high level, and justification or benefits expected from the project. The three elements of the management process should be used to ensure effective OSH performance. OSH program in the construction of the Management of a construction project unlike running a factory where it operates "Regularity conditions" in most cases, business finance services projects are aimed mainly due transient organizations. The projects have a beginning and an clear, and in between the end often they have a very intense activity. This applies to most business finance services projects. Project Planning and Scope OSH program in the business finance services project "Basic view" of the key objectives of a construction project OSH program in the business and finance project Limitations of a "basic view" Modern management methods can reduce the degree of granting required (ie the dimensions triangle project are reduced). It is a narrow economic vision of a project. Project managers are critical to meeting the executive functions of management, especially leadership. most of business finance projects require a certain amount of directors projects, who must work together effectively. Main Project managers in the business finance services project are: the customer's project manager, who will lead the entire project representation of the client, from beginning to end; project manager of the design team, who will work with the director customer project and direct the entire design team and their advisors specialized; Y project manager of the business finance company, who will lead all project as provided in the business finance contract, including all subcontractors and suppliers. Effective project manager are: be a good team leader, able to establish good relations; have an open and honest style of management; be a good communicator - "direction as a performing art" be able to focus on results, and have a "sense of mission"; be competent from the technical point of view, and understand the process construction; be competent from the financial point of view, ie, understanding revenues and project costs; have confidence and perseverance - "when things get tough, the strong are those who keep going "; understand management systems and use them effectively. OSH program in the construction and engineering project management Factors that affect project success Financial developers and builders reveal factors affecting development works in the project They consider that some public works face problems during the planning and execution for lack of clarity that can exist when planning land use and infrastructure planning in general. A more detailed studies and previous designs, the lower the unforeseen situations in the works, and therefore budgets are developed and which give rise to budget availability with which contracted state entities will be less likely to have failure of resources in the contracts. The degree of accuracy in determining the cost of a project can vary from 75-80% in the feasibility stage (phase II engineering), up to 90-95% if there detailed financial services (phase III). That is, more information to less uncertainty in the final cost. Social management (to affected communities) and environmental (on the impact of the works) in construction projects often exceeds the capacity of management of state contractors, given that decisions on these issues are in the hands of public entities that have jurisdiction over different aspects of the projects. In many cases, simple administrative decisions as authorization for the transfer of trees or decisions for handling the debris, are adopted belatedly and inopportune which creates delays in implementation and difficulties for the contractor for minor drawbacks, reveals the report. The capacity of the contracting entities to manage decisions that affect or are the responsibility of other entities in the district order is practically nil, especially if one considers that in the case of utilities, these decisions generate the need to postpone project activities, possible price increases and rethink the implementation schedule. On the other hand, greater synchronicity of the contracting entities with the environmental authorities is required since in many cases the process for licenses and permits takes much longer than that required by the pace of work. Conclusion In many cases, social management prebusiness financial services projects are poor or non-existent. These deficiencies create difficulties during project implementation to the extent they can generate social discontent of population groups (merchants, neighbours, users, among other communities) which can even be converted into protests that end up affecting the project implementation(Twort and Rees, 2004). The reality shows that when a project is completed, the client, and many of the other parties involved, tend to forget that the project was carried out quickly and a low cost, and will care more about the quality of installations already completed. References Charvat, J. (2003).Project management methodologies. New York: Wiley. Cleland, D. and Ireland, L. (2008).Project manager's handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. Closing the gaps in project management systems. (1984). Guildford: Butterworths. Collins, R. (2011).Project management. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Gould, F. and Joyce, N. (2000).Construction project management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lock, D. (2004).Project management in construction.Aldershot: Gower. Perrin, R. (2008).Real world project management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Smith, N. (2002).Engineering project management. Ames, IA: Blackwell Science. Tang, S. (2003).Modern construction project management. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Twort, A. and Rees, J. (2004).Civil engineering project management. Oxford: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Yellamraju, V. (2011).LEED-new construction project management. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Gerrymandering/To Kill A Mocking Bird Essays -

Gerrymandering/To Kill A Mocking Bird Scott Colson Chris O'Connell To Kill A Mockingbird March 5, 2000 GOMILLION ET AL. v. LIGHTFOOT, MAYOR OF TUSKEGEE, ET AL. The unprecedented Gomillion v. Lightfoot came to the Supreme Court because the borders of Tuskegee, Alabama were redrawn. They went from a square shape to an irregular one to exclude black neighborhoods, on the outer edges of the city, violating the 15th Amendment, denying them a vote because of race. This practice is also known as racial gerrymandering. On October 18 and 19 of 1960 this case was argued. The decision was made on November 14, 1960. The case was pulled up from the Fifth Circuit of Appellate Courts. The Plaintiff, the African American citizens of Tuskegee, Alabama were accusing the Mayor of Tuskegee, Alabama, Lightfoot, denying constitutional rights to the citizens. The case was ruled on just after another very important racial case, Barker v. Carr. This case furthered the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. The Supreme Court of the United States reversed the ruling from the Fifth Circuit of Appellate Courts. The Appellate Court ruled that the State could look out for its best interest. The court applied this past ruling from other cases to rule that the municipality could look out for its best interest. The Supreme Court, however, felt that the means do not justify the ends. Using a Constitutional procedure to achieve an Unconstitutional result is unconstitutional. Whittaker, wrote a concurring opinion agreeing that the border move was Unconstitutional, but under the fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause because the state was redrawing borders to the black citizen's detriment. He felt that voting was not denied because of race. In fact, border changes occur all the time and the blacks still had a right to vote for any candidate or position that falls in their area. He felt that the re-bordering was a segregation attempt illegal under the precedent of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. Justice Frankfurter expressed his opinion quite clearly when he stated: ....that Act 140 is unconstitutional, and for an injunction to restrain the Mayor and officers of Tuskegee and the officials of Macon County, Alabama, from enforcing the Act against them and other Negroes [sic] similarly situated. Petitioners' claim is that enforcement of the statute, which alters the shape of Tuskegee from a square to an uncouth twenty-eight-sided figure, will constitute a discrimination against them in violation of the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution and will deny them the right to vote in defiance of the Fifteenth Amendment. His opinion also covered the concern of Federalism. The question was, Why should a federal court have jurisdiction over a state and municipality business? Frankfurter answered with, When a state exercises power wholly within the domain of state interest, it is insulated from federal judicial review, but such insulation is not carried over when state power is used as an instrument for circumventing a federally protected right. In fact, Frankfurter, in his scathing opinion, accused blatantly that the Appellate Courts and lower courts were racist. This hurt the credibility of the lower courts. This historic case set the precedent for racial gerrymandering across the nation. Mayors and legislators in every county, especially in the south, now had the Federal Government and the Department of Justice watching their every move. Hatred, ignorance, and racism may play a part in some peoples decisions, the 200 year old document is as blind as Justice herself. Atticus said it best, All men are equal in the Court of Law. Legal Issues Essays